ACUPUNCTURE SCHOOLS.
§205.208. TEMPORARY LICENSE.
(2) provide supervised patient treatment for at least two terms of the resident course of instruction;
(b) The acupuncture board shall consider the approval of a course conducted by:
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In 1972, the California Board of Medical Examiners (now called the Medical Board of California) began regulating the practice of acupuncture under provisions which authorized the practice of acupuncture under the supervision of a licensed physicians as part of acupuncture research in medical schools. Subsequently, that regulation was amended to allow acupuncture research to be conducted under the auspices of medical schools rather than just in medical schools.
1989: Immigration Nursing Relief Act
(c) In addition to the other requirements of this section, an acupuncture school or degree program is subject to approval by the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board unless the school or program qualifies for an exemption under Section 61.303, Education Code.
Relevant legislative and diplomatic history (not a complete list)
(2) the qualifications needed to be considered a preferred provider of continuing education; and
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(a) The acupuncture board by rule may require a license holder to complete a certain number of hours of continuing education courses approved by the acupuncture board to renew a license.
* appreciate modern applications, develop an understanding of the safety of TCM procedures, and understand 5-10 common clinical situations where TCM may be used as a primary modality.

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Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is a comprehensive system of medical thought, pathophysiological concepts, and therapeutic interventions that developed out of the matrix of Chinese civilization over a period spanning more than four thousand years. The primary modality of TCM is the use of an extensive pharmacopoeia of over 6,000 herbal and other natural products for the prevention and treatment of disease and the promotion of health. TCM, as practiced in America, is largely the product of a synthesis of herbal prescribing methodologies derived from post-cultural revolution China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam.
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1999: Federal Acupuncture Coverage Act of 1999 provides for coverage of acupuncturist services under Medicare and Federal Employees Health Benefits Programs
SUGGEsted course Format
§205.251. ANNUAL RENEWAL REQUIRED.
(a) The medical board may renew without reexamination the license of a person who was licensed to practice acupuncture in this state, moved to another state, and is currently licensed and has been in practice in the other state for the two years preceding application.
There appears to be a relationship between changing immigration policy and the development of the professional practice of acupuncture and oriental medicine in the United States. A timeline of the major immigration policy changes from 1965 to the present (see below) parallels in suggestive ways significant changes in the development of acupuncture and oriental medicine in the US. These changes appear to be strongly related to the increasing number of acupuncturists from China coming to the US to practice and teach. Increasing interest of Americans (especially those of nonAsian ancestry) in using and practicing acupunture and oriental medicine, beginning in the 1970s, created demand for acupunture and oriental medicine practitioners and schools. Some of the areas of professional AOM practice affected by increased migration of skilled acpuncturists are education, certification and licensing, medical and professional ideologies and identities, and the development of professional associations.

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(1) maintain a resident course of instruction equivalent to not less than six terms of four months each for a total of not less than 1,800 instructional hours;
The development and popularization of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), especially the TCM technique of acupuncture, in the US, occurred in the wake of the1965 immigration legislation and the 1979 normalization of diplomatic relations between the US and China, the former of which brought renewed and more varied flows of new immigrants from China to the US, and the latter which opened the door to increased travel by Americans to China, for tourism, education, and trade. (In this paper, TCM and AOM will be used interchangeably).
(c) After guidelines are established under Subsection (a-1), the acupuncture board shall delegate to medical board employees the authority to approve course applications for courses that clearly meet the guidelines. Medical board employees shall refer any courses that are not clearly within the guidelines to the acupuncture board for review and approval.
A Summary of Some other points that might be addressed
(2) a reputable school, state, or professional organization.
1965: Immigration Act of 1965
The AC has an annual budget of approximately $1.2 million and a staff of 7 full-time and 3 part-time positions including an exempt appointed Executive Officer, 4 analysts, 2 office technicians/assistants, 2 interpreters, and temporary help.
1979: The US and PRC establish formal diplomatic relations; PRC given a separate annual immigration quota (from Taiwan and HK).

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§205.255. CONTINUING EDUCATION.
* describe the twelve main meridians of acupuncture and six commonly used acupuncture points, such as hegu (LI4); shusanli (ST36); sanyinjiao (SP6).
History, Philosophy, and Methods
Traditional methodology involves the use of acupuncture to regulate the state of yin and yang, promote the free flow of qi, and balance the function of the meridians. Herbal prescribing follows well-defined clinical guidelines based upon traditional pharmacology and established methods, such as the “eight methods,” that include treatment for restoration of qi and the treatment of disease, and which emphasize therapeutic benefits and minimize side effects and interactions.
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(b) The person must pay to the medical board a fee in an amount equal to two times the required renewal fee for the license.
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(a) The acupuncture board may, through the executive director, issue a temporary license to practice acupuncture to an applicant who:
Committee Composition
(3) pays the appropriate fee;
Kampo is the practice of traditional Chinese herbal medicine adopted by the Japanese that underwent changes in therapeutic orientation from the original Chinese methodology including the development of standardized herbal extracts. Kampo medications have been approved for national health insurance coverage in Japan since 1970. Kampo was the official system of medicine in Japan until 1868, when modern Western medicine was introduced by the Dutch to Japan and popularized. Over half of Japanese clinicians used Kampo-formulas in their daily practice either alone or in combination with modern drugs (Terasawa, 1993). There are over 150 formulations available for use and modern clinical research study.

1999: winning NIH approval (?)

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As currently practiced, TCM includes internal medicine, gynecology, pediatrics, traumatology, and disorders of the eyes, ears, nose, and throat. Acupuncture modalities include moxibustion, microsystems like auricular and hand acupuncture, scalp acupuncture, electro-acupuncture, and point injection therapies. In addition, TCM includes manipulation techniques (tui na), dietary regimes, therapeutic exercises, and herbal pharmacology. The history of TCM is extensive, extending back at least 2,500 years with the writing of the Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine.
* describe ten of the most frequently used Chinese herbs, such as ginseng (Panax ginseng) and astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus).
* understand the clinical usefulness of TCM as supported by evidenced-based and basic research.
A majority of medical schools in the U.S. have begun introductory coursework on CAM using different approaches. Most focus on a few topics or modalities of CAM that are easy to teach or provide an epidemiologic overview. Formats include pre-orientation workshops, lunch-time lecture series, longitudinal evening or weekend workshops with faculty, student interest groups with faculty sponsors, guest speaker series, and /or medical center-sponsored CME courses open to medical students. Many of these have evolved to a more formal integration of CAM topics into the existing medical curriculum, either using longitudinal courses or electives. Schools are encouraged to design innovative approaches to introducing the CAM modalities they choose, with encouragement to provide balance in education by selecting modalities from each of the 10 core CAM categories.
(a) The medical board by rule shall provide for the annual renewal of a license to practice acupuncture.
Immigrant practitioners adapt their practice styles to the US context. Many adopt holistic jargon.
Acupuncture schools serve as immigration gatekeepers. They recruit practitioners from China to teach in their schools. Many of these teachers choose to remain and settle in the US. Acupuncture education was different before there were so many immigrant Chinese teachers. In general, the education was considered to be of lower quality. Among the acupuncturists I interviewed, travel and study in Asia seemed especially important for the earlier generation. In addition to the problem of qualified teachers there was the problem of teaching materials. The export of teaching materials from China to the US and the growth of the AOM related publishing industry has been important for improving AOM education. Along with teaching and instructional materials, there has had to be an increasing supply of medicinal supplies. Most controversial of these has been herbal products. An innovation of providing traditional formulas in powdered form in capsules increased the market for Chinese herbs in the US. SUGGESTED LEARNING OBJECTIVES